The first address (network address) in the block can be found by setting the rightmost 32 - n bits to 0s
The last address in the block can be found by setting the rightmost 32 - n bits to 1s
The number of addresses in the block can be found by using the formula 2 power 32 - n
The first address can be found by ANDing the given addresses with the mask
The last address can be found by ORing the given addresses with the complement of the mask
The number of address can be found by complementing the mask, interpreting it as a decimal number, and adding 1 to it
Private address
- easy in the future if want to connect to internet
- security(hide machine from internet)
- can use only 1 public IP for many user
Translation table (for router) use to convert IP and send data in to correct client
IPv6 uses 16 byte (128 bits) addresses but v4 use just 32 bits (problem of v4 is number of addresses)
Dual stack - OS or machine know 2 versions of IP address (If machine need to send data, version that want to send it up to destination - ask DNS first what version that destination can receive)
Dynamic address - not require fix address
Bootstrap protocol - Client will get same IP address (If machine doesn't turn on , no-one can use that IP)
Routing Protocol
Autonomous System - maintain whole system
Types of routing protocol
1.interior routing protocols - use inside 1 AS
2.Exterior routing protocol - use between AS
Types of Routing
1.centralized routing - one center computer
2.Decentralized routing (static routing, dynamic routing)
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